The Role of Estancias in the “Conquest of the Desert”

The Conquest of the Desert (Conquista del desierto) was a controversial military campaign led by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s and 1880s, aimed at establishing Argentine dominance over Patagonia

During this period, estancias played a significant role in the expansion and consolidation of Argentine territory. Estancias, large rural estates typically dedicated to cattle ranching, served multiple purposes during the campaign:

1. Frontier outposts: Estancias acted as strategic frontier settlements, pushing the boundaries of Argentine-controlled territory into indigenous lands.
2. Economic drivers: They were instrumental in developing the newly conquered territories, converting them into productive agricultural areas through irrigation and livestock farming
3. Military support: Many estancias provided logistical support to the military campaign, offering supplies, horses, and sometimes even manpower.
4. Cultural transformation: Estancias became centers of European-style rural life, gradually altering the cultural landscape of Patagonia.
5. Land distribution: Following the campaign, vast tracts of newly acquired land were often distributed to wealthy landowners, leading to the establishment of more estancias.

The campaign had profound and lasting effects on the indigenous populations. Many were displaced, killed, or forcibly integrated into Argentine society.

The expansion of estancias into formerly indigenous territories dramatically changed the social and economic structure of Patagonia. Today, many historic estancias in Patagonia serve as reminders of this complex period in Argentine history. While celebrating the pioneering spirit and agricultural development they represent, it’s crucial to acknowledge the controversial aspects of the Conquest of the Desert and its impact on indigenous peoples. At Estancia Day, we offer visitors a unique opportunity to experience the rich heritage of Argentine rural life while promoting a thoughtful understanding of the country’s history. Our programs aim to provide an authentic estancia experience while fostering discussions about the multifaceted role these establishments played in shaping modern Argentina.